Abraham Lincoln in Indiana

Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky and lived as an adult in Illinois, but his formative years were spent in what is now Spencer County, Indiana. Young Abe arrived in Indiana in the autumn of 1816, not long before the territory became a state. He was then just seven years old. When he was nine, Abe's mother died of milk sickness, a mysterious disease we now know is caused when cow's milk is poisoned by white snakeroot. Abraham Lincoln of course went on to be a lawyer, a U.S. representative, and, as the first Republican president, the Great Emancipator and the savior of the Union. He wrote: "All that I am or hope to be, I owe to my angel mother--blessings on her memory." Nancy Hanks Lincoln lies buried in Hoosier soil, near her home on Little Pigeon Creek.

I recently found three books on Indiana history and Abraham Lincoln. I would like to show three illustrations from those books, each by an illustrator previously unknown to me either as an illustrator or by name. Two have birthdays coming up next month.

"A Typical Pioneer Scene" by the Brown County artist Marie Goth. Born in Indianapolis on August 15, 1887, Jessie Marie Goth was educated at Manual Training High School and the Herron School of Art in her home city. Her teachers included fellow Hoosiers William Merle Allison, Harry E. Wood, and William Merritt Chase. Marie also taught art, but she is best known for her portraits. She was in fact the first woman to paint an official portrait of an Indiana governor (Henry F. Schricker). Her younger sister Genevieve, also an artist, married an artist, Carl C. Graf. Marie Goth was otherwise connected by blood or association with artists of the Hoosier Group and among the artists' colony in Brown County, Indiana. Her longtime companion was the artist Veraldo J. Cariani (1891-1969).

The drawing here is from Historic Indiana by Julia Henderson Levering (1916). In his youth, Abraham Lincoln would have lived in a cabin like this one. He also worked on a ferry boat and a flatboat, making a trip to New Orleans in the 1820s. In 1830, he moved with his family to Illinois, leaving his Indiana home behind. By coincidence, Marie Goth lived in a log house in Brown County. She, too, fell victim to poison when she was bitten by a brown recluse spider in the autumn of 1974. In her weakened state, she fell down the steps of her home and died on January 9, 1975.

In 1927, The Indiana Lincoln Union put out a booklet called Lincoln the Hoosier, written by Charles Garrett Vannest and illustrated by a youthful Constance Forsyth. Born in Indianapolis on August 18, 1903, Constance Forsyth was the daughter of artists Alice Atkinson Forsyth and William Forsyth. Like her father, Constance was renowned as a painter and teacher. Her résumé runs to hundreds of items (education, exhibitions, prizes and honors, holdings in museums, teaching career, etc.). One highlight of her career was her assistance to Thomas Hart Benton in his completion of the murals for the Indiana Building at the Century of Progress Exposition, the Chicago World's Fair of 1933. Lincoln the Hoosier was the first of two books she illustrated, the other being The Friends by Esther Buffler (1951). Constance Forsyth died on January 22, 1987, in Austin, Texas.

This map of Lincoln home sites is in a second booklet called Abraham Lincoln: A Concise Biography, published in 1934 by the Lincoln National Life Insurance Company of Fort Wayne. The mapmaker was Noble Brainard, also of Fort Wayne. (The image reproduced in the booklet shows only part of Brainard's original design. The image above is from the Internet.)

Noble Eyck Brainard was born on September 3, 1893, in Buda, Illinois. Like Marie Goth and Constance Forsyth, he was a teacher. For a time he lived in New Mexico, but he also worked as a civil servant in the Philippines and in Fort Wayne, where he resided from the 1920s on. Brainard married Amelia Zichgraf in 1924 in Fort Wayne. The copyright date on the map above is 1933. Brainard died on October 28, 1956, and is buried in his adopted home city. For years, Fort Wayne was home to the Lincoln Museum, one of the largest collections related to Abraham Lincoln in the United States. In 2008, shortly before Abe's bicentennial, the Lincoln Financial Foundation, holder of the collection, donated it to the Indiana State Library and the Allen County Public Library.

Text and captions copyright 2014, 2024 Terence E. Hanley

Independence Day!

"The Glorious Fourth at Yapp's Crossing" by John B. Gruelle (1880-1938) of Indianapolis, from Judge magazine, circa 1910.

"Particle of Smoke, Containing Fourth of July Microbe, Highly Magnified" by Harvey Peake (1866-1958) of New Albany, also from Judge, circa 1910.

The cover of We Love America by Josephine van Dolzen Pease (1951) and illustrated by Esther Friend (ca. 1907-1991) of Indianapolis.

A scene from the Revolutionary War in Vermont, drawn by Roy Frederic Heinrich (1881-1943) of Goshen, Indiana, taken from The White Mountain Scrap Book by Ernest E. Bisbee (1946), originally from Heinrich's series for the National Life Insurance Company of Montpelier, Vermont.

An illustration showing the surrender of General John Burgoyne at Saratoga, October 17, 1777, by Frederick Coffay Yohn (1875-1933) of Indianapolis. Burgoyne's surrender took place more than a year after the first Independence Day, but it proved a turning point in the Revolutionary War and helped assure that we would soon be free of tyranny.

May we forever be so free.

Happy Independence Day, America!

Captions copyright 2014, 2024 Terence E. Hanley

James E. Taylor (1839-1901)

James Earl Taylor was born on December 12, 1839, in Cincinnati, Ohio. His widowed mother moved her family to Indiana when he was young. Taylor graduated from the University of Notre Dame at age sixteen. At eighteen, he painted a panorama of the Revolutionary War, which was exhibited throughout the western states, what we now call the Midwest. Taylor returned to the city of his birth, but in 1860, he relocated to New York City to study art. When the Civil War came, he enlisted in the 10th New York Volunteers of National Zouaves, one of the units known for its colorful and exotic uniforms. Taylor served two years and rose to the rank of sergeant. Rather than reenlist, he was persuaded to apply for a position as a special artist, what we would call a combat artist. Thus James E. Taylor went to work for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. Assigned to Philip Sheridan's army, Taylor took part in the Shenandoah Valley campaign, then campaigns in eastern Virginia and the Carolinas, finally to arrive on horseback in the Confederate capital of Richmond at the close of the war. Afterwards, Taylor drew pictures of the American South and West, where he earned the title "The Indian Artist." He continued with Leslie's until 1883, thereafter working as a freelance artist. Taylor also created illustrations for Frank Leslie's Boys' and Girls' Weekly for children. James E. Taylor died on June 22, 1901, in New York City.

James E. Taylor was the subject of an article in American Heritage in 1980 (“War Correspondent: 1864" by Oliver Jensen, American Heritage, Vol. 31, No. 5 [August–September 1980]: 48–64.) His book, With Sheridan Up the Shenandoah Valley in 1864: Leaves from a Special Artist's Sketch Book and Diary, was not published until 1989, and then only in a rare edition. Taylor also illustrated Colonel Richard Irving Dodge's memoir Our Wild Indians: Thirty-three Years' Personal Experience Among the Red Men of the Great West (1882).

A drawing by James E. Taylor of the Florence Prison Stockade, a Confederate prison camp located near Florence, South Carolina. Note the date--1897--indicating that the artist recreated this scene more than thirty years after the fact.

"Heroic Death of Walter Kennedy," drawn by Taylor (1874), an image from his own scrapbooks, held by the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History. 

Text and captions copyright 2014, 2024 Terence E. Hanley

A Cartoon for June

A Cartoon for June: "The June Bride--Off for the Honeymoon" by John Gruelle. This is one of Gruelle's cartoons in the "Yapp's Crossing" series from Judge magazine. It was first printed about a hundred years ago. Born in Arcola, Illinois, on December 24, 1880, John Barton Gruelle grew up in Indianapolis in an artistic family. His father was the painter Richard Buckner Gruelle (1851-1914). Gruelle's younger siblings were artist and performer Prudence Gruelle (1884-1966) and illustrator and cartoonist Justin Gruelle (1889-1978). Johnny Gruelle (and the Gruelle family) is best know for having created Raggedy Ann and Andy. He died on January 8, 1938.

Caption copyright 2014, 2024 Terence E. Hanley

Ernie Pyle and G.I. Joe

If you count by fives, this is an anniversary year for wars and wartime events. The First World War, then called the Great War, now also called World War I, commenced one hundred years ago, on July 28, 1914. After an armistice and peace treaty in 1918-1919 and a twenty-year respite, war resumed on September 1, 1939, seventy-five years ago this year. Seventy years ago next week, on June 6, 1944, Allied forces cracked Hitler's "Fortress Europe" by landing at Normandy. And fifty years ago this summer, on August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which authorized President Lyndon Johnson to go to war against North Vietnam.

There were happier events in 1964. The Beatles arrived in the United States for the first time on February 7 and performed on The Ed Sullivan Show on February 9. The arrival of John, Paul, George, and Ringo on American shores was no wartime event, but it signaled a British Invasion. The Ford Mustang made its debut that year. So did Jonny Quest, on September 18. Early in 1964, at about the time The Beatles were taking America by storm, a new kind of toy was displayed at a New York City toy fair. By Christmastime, that toy was available in stores and sold well at $4 a pop. The toy was a doll, but it was never called a doll for fear boys would reject it. Instead, G.I. Joe was an "action figure" and the toy every boy wanted during the 1960s and '70s. Since then, Hasbro's G.I. Joe has made his way into comic books, animated cartoons, movies, and video games.

American soldiers were called G.I.s as early as World War I, though doughboy is the term more popularly associated with the men of that war. The term G.I. Joe is from the World War II years and came from the imagination of cartoonist Pvt. Dave Breger. (1) Born in Chicago on April 15, 1908, Breger graduated from Northwestern University with a degree in abnormal psychology and without any formal training--other than that degree--in cartooning. Breger started selling cartoons in the 1930s. He was drafted in 1941, but he didn't let life in the U.S. Army keep him from drawing. The Saturday Evening Post printed his cartoon series Private Breger beginning on August 30, 1941. The Army noticed the young artist's talents and transferred him to its Special Services Division in New York in early 1942. On June 17, 1942, Breger's G.I. Joe made its debut in the first issue of Yank, The Army Weekly. By then of course, America was at war. In addition to millions of men under arms and women in uniform, the U.S. military sent writers, correspondents, combat artists, and cartoonists overseas. Among them--probably the most famous among them--was Ernie Pyle. Even Ernest Hemingway, who called himself "Ernie Hemorrhoid, the poor man's Pyle," paled in comparison.

Ernie Pyle was born on August 3, 1900, near Dana, Indiana. He served in the U.S. Navy during World War I and studied at Indiana University. Pyle made a name for himself as a journalist and columnist during the 1930s. When war came, he went to Europe as a war correspondent, arriving first in Belfast, Ireland, where he covered a unit of the Iowa National Guard, part of the 34th Infantry Division. A company in that unit became Pyle's favorite and the basis, in part, for a movie called The Story of G.I. Joe.

From Northern Ireland, Ernie Pyle went on to London, then North Africa, Sicily, Italy, and France. (2) His dispatches from the front won him fame in Europe and back home. His book, Here Is Your War, about the campaign in North Africa, was published in 1943. For his reporting, Pyle was awarded a Pulitzer Prize in 1944. Other books followed towards the end and after the war. In January 1945, Pyle arrived in the Pacific Theater. Three months later, on the island of Ie Shima, he was killed by Japanese machine gun fire.

Late in 1943, Lester Cowan, an independent movie producer, began work on the film that would become The Story of G.I. Joe. The war's events raced ahead of the moviemakers; the Allies were well on their way to victory by the time filming began in late 1944. The storyline of the movie was drawn from Here Is Your War and Brave Men (1944). Burgess Meredith played Ernie Pyle. Robert Mitchum and a number of lesser-known actors and even a couple of boxers rounded out the cast. The Story of G.I. Joe was released on June 18, 1945, two months to the day after Ernie Pyle's death and after the German surrender. The movie was well received and was nominated for four Academy Awards, but came away empty handed.

In April 1950, Ziff-Davis began publishing a comic book called G.I. Joe. Set in Occupied Japan and Korea, G.I. Joe featured painted covers, some by famed pulp artist Norman Saunders. The title character is a big, brawling blond, happily going about his business of punching, kicking, gun-butting, and knocking the heads of his communist adversaries. He even wears a flower in his helmet strap. G.I. Joe lasted for fifty-one issues and came to a close in June 1957. Halfway through its run, G.I. Joe was subjected to the Mad treatment by cartoonist Wally Wood. Called "G.I. Schmoe," the sendup ran in Mad #10 (April 1954). If you have read it, you will remember the recurring punchline, "Hey, Joe! You got chewing gum?" (3) After G.I. Joe the action figure came out in 1964, DC published two issues of Showcase called G.I. Joe (#53, December 1964 and #54, February 1965). I don't know whether those were tie-ins to the release of the toy or not. After that, every comic book with the words G.I. Joe in the title was somehow or other related to Hasbro's coveted action figure.

We can be pretty sure that the comic book G.I. Joe had nothing to do with Dave Breger's original humorous version from the 1940s--as one source on the Internet claims--except for in the origin of its name. Instead, the comic book may have been inspired by the movie The Story of G.I. Joe. (4) If that's the case, and if G.I. Joe the action figure was named with the popularity of the comic book in mind, then it's likely that the lineage of "America's Movable Fighting Man" can be traced to Indiana's own Ernie Pyle. There's no telling if he would have approved, although he was always on the side of the dog-faced American soldier.

Notes

(1) The first record of the term in the New York Times, however, was in reference to Ernie Pyle's book, Here Is Your War. The Times published a book review entitled "Ernie Pyle's Story of G.I. Joe," written by Edward Streeter, on October 31, 1943 (p. BR1). The Chicago Tribune used the term for the first time on May 19, 1943.
(2) Dick Wingert (1919-1993), a native Iowan and a soldier in the 34th Infantry Division, took the same path from Northern Ireland to London, though in a different capacity. Like Dave Breger, Wingert was stationed in Louisiana before the war. He arrived with his unit in Northern Ireland in early 1942. Also like Breger, Wingert was untrained as a cartoonist, yet gained fame for his comic panel Hubert, which was printed in Stars and Stripes.
(3) In 1945, a German firm, Schon-Druck, issued a set of sixteen postcards entitled "G.I. Joe in Bavaria." The artist was named Trautloft. The situations are comic. One card shows a Bavarian boy with a large stein of beer, apparently offered for trade to G.I. Joe with the question: "You have Kaugummi?" Kaugummi is the German word for chewing gum.
(4) I haven't seen the movie, but the clincher might be if there is a G.I. who wears a flower in his helmet strap, like the comic book version of the 1950s.

The original G.I. Joe, created by Dave Breger (1908-1970) in 1942 and published in book form in 1945. Breger also drew Private Breger, which became, after the war, Mister Breger. Those two comic panels ran in syndication from 1942 to 1970. I wonder now if Antonio Prohias (1921-1998), creator of Spy vs. Spy for Mad magazine, was influenced by Breger.

A poster or lobby card for The Story of G.I. Joe, a film released through United Artists in 1945, after Ernie Pyle's death. The image is of Pyle himself and not of Burgess Meredith (1907-1997), who played him in the movie. 

A magazine advertisement for the same film. Note that the image of Pyle has been reversed. Also note the Bill Mauldin-like cartoons along the bottom. Ernie Pyle knew Bill Mauldin (1921-2003) and wrote of him for the people back home. Like Pyle, Mauldin was a Pulitzer Prize winner for his coverage of the war.

A more dramatic and Hollywood-ized poster or lobby card for The Story of G.I. Joe.

Finally, another poster, advertisement, or lobby card. This image may have predated the others, but I have saved it for last because of the dog. . . 

Which reappeared on the cover of the G.I. Joe comic book in the 1950s. I don't know whether the comic book was inspired by the movie, but the dog might be a clue.

G.I. Joe wasn't always happy-go-lucky. Here he rescues a nurse.

In 1954, G.I. Joe got the Mad treatment at the hands of Wally Wood. That's good evidence that G.I. Joe was not an obscurity. That may, in turn, be evidence of the connection between the earlier movie and the later action figure. Note the flower in Galusha Iggy Schmoe's helmet strap.

G.I. Joe in Showcase #53, which showed up in time for Christmas, 1964, at about the same time as the new G.I. Joe action figure. The cover artist was Joe Kubert.

At last, the G.I. Joe we all know in an advertisement from the 1960s. G.I. Joe was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2004. That makes this year another anniversary year.

Update (Jan. 12, 2015): If you follow a straight line long enough, it makes a circle. In 2002, Hasbro released an Ernie Pyle G.I. Joe action figure, complete with typewriter and newspaper. The release was timed to coincide with the anniversary of the landing at Normandy.

Happy Memorial Day week to all my readers, especially those who have fought to keep our country free. Or, as Ernie Pyle wrote: "Thanks, pal."

Text and captions copyright 2014, 2024 Terence E. Hanley

Little Lost Annie

Four years ago, the venerable newspaper comic strip Little Orphan Annie came to an end in mid-story. In the last strip, dated Sunday, June 13, 2010, Annie was being held captive by a villain called the Butcher of the Balkans, who was then on the run somewhere in Guatemala. The penultimate panel showed Daddy Warbucks back home, looking out the window with as much emotion as a character without eyeballs can summon. In the background, one character says to another, "Poor Mr. Warbucks! It's painful for him--he's resigning himself to Miss Annie's being lost forever--". The last panel of the strip reads: "And this is where we leave our Annie. For now--".

Little Orphan Annie was in danger countless times during her eighty-six years in the comics. Every time, she escaped, or she was found or rescued. Every time she came back. Newspaper syndication is a cruel business, though, and if the readers turn their interests elsewhere, there is little that a red-headed orphan can do, even if she is the protégé of the world's richest man. Annie's fate has been unknown for four years, but that is about to change.

Two months ago, writer Mike Curtis and artist Joe Staton announced that they would put Dick Tracy on the case. Mr. Curtis and Mr. Staton, who began working together on Dick Tracy in 2011, have been planning for some time to have Daddy Warbucks seek the help of Dick Tracy in finding Little Orphan Annie. Beginning Sunday, June 1, 2014, "the comics page’s greatest detective will set out in pursuit of the plucky young heroine." Mr. Curtis promises "action-packed, over-the-top thrills and chills as the two features combine their casts for what we hope will be the most historic tale in comic strip history." I don't have any doubt that Tracy and Annie will meet somewhere in this wide world. (1)

Little Orphan Annie made its debut on August 5, 1924, syndicated by the Chicago Tribune. The writer and artist was Harold Gray, who was part Illinoisan and part Hoosier. Born on January 20, 1894, in Kankakee, Illinois, Gray grew up in Illinois and Indiana. He graduated from high school in West Lafayette, Indiana, and from Purdue University in 1917 with a degree in engineering. Gray served for a short time in the U.S. Army during World War I. Beginning in the early 1920s, he assisted Sidney Smith on The Gumps, one of the most popular comic strips of its day. Gray got a shot at his own strip with Little Orphan Annie in 1924. He stayed with it until his death on May 9, 1968.

Like Harold Gray, the creator of Dick Tracy was a farm boy from the Middle Border, drawn to big, bustling Chicago and a chance to be a famous cartoonist. Chester Gould was born on November 20, 1900, in Pawnee, Oklahoma. He arrived in the city of big shoulders shortly after Harold Gray. Like Gray, he created the comic strip for which he is known today for the Chicago Tribune. Dick Tracy first appeared on October 4, 1931, and enjoyed more than half a century under the guidance of its creator. Chester Gould died on May 11, 1985, but his crime-fighting creation goes on. After eighty-three years, Dick Tracy is one of the most famous and enduring of American newspaper comic strips. It is about to join forces with another in that category, Little Orphan Annie.

Note

(1) The quotes are from an article, "Dick Tracy To Set Off in Search of Little Orphan Annie," written by Kevin Melrose and dated April 1, 2014. The first quote is in Mr. Melrose's words; the second is by Mr. Curtis.

Little Alpha Annie, August 4, 1924. This is Annie's ninety-year anniversary.

Little Omega Annie, June 13, 2010, soon to return in Dick Tracy.

Text and captions copyright 2014, 2024 Terence E. Hanley

Mickey Rooney and Mickey McGuire

Mickey Rooney died last week at age ninety-three. Born on September 23, 1920, he first went on stage at seventeen months and made his first movie when most children his age were just entering grade school. Mickey Rooney's show business career lasted more than ninety years, his movie career nearly as long. In fact, he was the last actor from the silent era to appear in movies of the twenty-first century. An actor in more than 200 movies, a husband of eight women, and doubtlessly a lover of many more, Mickey Rooney said, "I don't regret anything I've ever done. I only wish I could have done more."

Mickey Rooney was born Ninian Joseph Yule, Jr., or Joseph Yule, Jr., or just plain Joe Yule, Jr., in Brooklyn, New York, to a pair of stage performers. Sources disagree as to the name the Yules gave their son. In 1925, Joe's mother took him to Hollywood. He made his movie debut the following year in a short subject called Not To Be Trusted, in which he was credited as Mickey McBan. In 1927, Mickey appeared in his first feature length film, Orchids and Ermine, starring Colleen Moore. Although he was still calling himself Mickey, the young actor had by then acquired a new surname. Billed as Mickey McGuire, he also played a character named Mickey McGuire in Orchids and Ermine. For most of the next seven years, that would be his stage name and the name of his fictional counterpart on the silver screen.

The character played by Joe Yule, Jr., was not the first fictional Mickey McGuire. Joe's Mickey McGuire was preceded by another, a character who was part of the very large and colorful cast of Toonerville Folks, one of the most popular newspaper comics of its day. Also called Toonerville Trolley, Toonerville Folks began in the Chicago Evening Post on February 19, 1910. The cartoonist was Fontaine Fox, Jr. (1884-1964), a Kentuckian by birth but a Hoosier by education, however brief that might have been. Fox attended Indiana University for two years before setting out on his career as a newspaper cartoonist. Landing in Chicago, he began drawing cartoons about the Louisville suburbs he knew in his youth. Those cartoons grew into Toonerville Folks (a title not used until 1916), which was eventually syndicated in more than 300 newspapers. Fox's comic was also adapted to movie shorts and animated cartoons of the 1920s and '30s.

The star of Toonerville Folks--if it isn't the trolley itself--is The Skipper, operator of the Toonerville Trolley That Meets All Trains. The town's residents, every one of them as distinct as the real people they represent, number in the dozens. They include The Powerful Katrinka; The Terrible Tempered Mr. Bang; Grandma, The Demon Chaperone; Aunt Eppie Hogg, Fattest Woman in Three Counties; Uncle "Chew" Wilson, Two-Quid Man; Little Woo-Woo Wortle, Who Has Never Been Spanked; and Uncle "Pegleg" Sanders, the official rattlesnake killer, for, after all, "He don't give a snake much real flesh to strike at!" Also in residence is Mickey McGuire, more properly called Mickey (Himself) McGuire--if you know what's good for you. Mickey is the head of a gang from--literally--the wrong side of the tracks. He's the terror of Toonerville and always spoiling for a fight. Unlike Scut Farkus from The Christmas Story (authored by another Hoosier), Mickey isn't a weak bully--he's just plain tough.

Toonerville Folks was adapted to two series of short subject films in the 1920s and '30s. Dan Mason starred as The Skipper in the first series, which ran for nine episodes released in 1921-1922 and ostensibly written by Fontaine Fox. The character Mickey (Himself) McGuire is not listed by the Internet Movie Database (IMdB) as being in that series. However, Mickey played a lead role in the second Toonerville series, produced by Larry Darmour from 1927 to 1934. The star of that series was the young actor Mickey McGuire, better known to us as Mickey Rooney.

It isn't clear to me that The Skipper or the Toonerville Trolley played very significant roles in the second Toonerville series. Larry Darmour, the producer, may have had something else in mind in trying to compete with Hal Roach's very popular Our Gang series. In any case, the Mickey McGuire films came to an end in 1934. By then, Joe Yule, Jr., was known to millions as Mickey McGuire. You couldn't have blamed him for wanting to hold onto the name. "Mickey McGuire" was Fontaine Fox's property however, and after a successful lawsuit, it remained his. The young actor, then still in his teens, would have to find another stage name. And that's how Joe Yule, Jr., better known in his youth as Mickey McGuire, became Mickey Rooney.

Mickey (Himself) McGuire from Toonerville Folks, a daily comic panel drawn by Fontaine Fox from 1910 to 1955. Born in Kentucky, Fox attended Indiana University for two years before becoming a newspaper cartoonist in Chicago. He retired in 1955 and passed away half a century ago, on August 10, 1964. In the minds of some, two years at Indiana University might not qualify Fontaine Fox as a Hoosier. He may have felt differently, because that's where his papers--including hundreds of original cartoons--now reside.

Text and captions copyright 2014, 2024 Terence E. Hanley